Lessons

Serial communication: how Arduino talks to a computer

Serial sends data one character at a time over a wire. It is how you debug an Arduino and how a robot's boards talk to each other.

Reading sensors with Arduino: the pattern that always works

Almost every sensor follows the same pattern: wire power and ground, read a pin, convert the raw value, filter the noise. Learn it once, use it everywhere.

PWM explained: how to control motor speed and LED brightness

PWM switches a pin on and off very fast to fake an in-between voltage. It is how a digital board sets a motor to half speed or an LED to half brightness.

Arduino pins: digital vs analog, explained simply

Digital pins read on/off, analog pins read a range of values. Knowing which is which is the difference between a button and a light sensor working.

What is Arduino, and why it is perfect for learning robotics

Arduino is a small, cheap board that reads sensors and controls motors, lights and servos. Here is what it is, what it is good at, and where to start.

Raspberry Pi

4 lessons

Using a camera with the Raspberry Pi

The Pi can capture and process video in real time. Here is how camera input works, why resolution matters, and how robots see the world through it.

Raspberry Pi vs Arduino: which one for your robot?

They are not competitors, they are teammates. Arduino for real-time sensors and motors, Raspberry Pi for vision and decisions. Here is how to choose.

Raspberry Pi GPIO: controlling hardware from Python

GPIO pins let the Pi turn things on and off and read buttons, all from Python. The catch: they run at 3.3V, and getting that wrong fries the board.

What is a Raspberry Pi, and what can you build with it

A Raspberry Pi is a full computer the size of a credit card. It runs Linux, cameras and AI models, which makes it the brain of camera-based robots.

Components

6 lessons

Step-up and step-down converters: giving each part the right voltage

A robot's parts want different voltages. DC-DC converters raise or lower a battery's voltage efficiently to feed each one what it needs.

LiPo batteries: power for robots, and how to not set them on fire

LiPo batteries pack a lot of power into little weight, which is why robots love them. They also demand respect: charge and store them correctly.

Gyroscope and IMU: how a robot knows which way it is facing

An IMU measures rotation and acceleration. It is how a robot turns exactly 90 degrees or knows it is climbing a ramp, without any external reference.

Distance sensors: how a robot feels what is in front of it

Infrared, ultrasonic and time-of-flight sensors each measure distance differently. Choosing the right one is about range, angle and surface.

Servo motors: precise angles for grippers and arms

A servo moves to an exact angle and holds it. That makes it perfect for grippers, arms and anything that needs a repeatable position.